The Management of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Failure in High-Risk Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Review Article

Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is a common urological malignancy, and bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy the gold standard treatment in intermediate high-risk groups. However, BCG failure occurs significant proportion of patients, emphasizing need for effective alternative modalities to address this burden. These treatments include immunotherapy, enhanced drug delivery, targeted therapy, device-assisted chemotherapy, vaccine gene which show varying degrees safety efficacy. The objective review summarize current evidence ongoing research on these emerging therapies, offering insight into their potential improving patient outcomes quality life. Although radical cystectomy remains care NMIBC patients unresponsive BCG, novel hold promise future management challenging population.